| 电阻 (Resistor) |
用于限制电流或分压。 |
#define RESISTOR_VALUE 1000 // 1kΩ
int main() {
int voltage = 5; // 5V
int current = voltage / RESISTOR_VALUE;
printf("Current: %d mA\n", current);
return 0;
}
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| 电容 (Capacitor) |
用于存储电荷，平滑电压波动。 |
#define CAPACITOR_VALUE 10e-6 // 10μF
int main() {
float time_constant = RESISTOR_VALUE * CAPACITOR_VALUE;
printf("Time Constant: %.2f seconds\n", time_constant);
return 0;
}
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| 二极管 (Diode) |
用于单向导电，防止电流反向流动。 |
#define DIODE_FORWARD_VOLTAGE 0.7 // 0.7V
int main() {
float output_voltage = 5 - DIODE_FORWARD_VOLTAGE;
printf("Output Voltage: %.2f V\n", output_voltage);
return 0;
}
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| 晶体管 (Transistor) |
用于放大电流或作为开关。 |
#define BASE_CURRENT 10e-3 // 10mA
#define GAIN 100 // 放大倍数
int main() {
float collector_current = BASE_CURRENT * GAIN;
printf("Collector Current: %.2f A\n", collector_current);
return 0;
}
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| LED (Light Emitting Diode) |
用于发光，常用于指示灯。 |
#define LED_FORWARD_VOLTAGE 2.0 // 2.0V
#define RESISTOR_VALUE 330 // 330Ω
int main() {
float current = (5 - LED_FORWARD_VOLTAGE) / RESISTOR_VALUE;
printf("LED Current: %.2f mA\n", current * 1000);
return 0;
}
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| 电感 (Inductor) |
用于存储磁场能量，常用于滤波和振荡电路。 |
#define INDUCTOR_VALUE 10e-3 // 10mH
int main() {
float time_constant = INDUCTOR_VALUE / RESISTOR_VALUE;
printf("Time Constant: %.2f seconds\n", time_constant);
return 0;
}
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| 晶振 (Crystal Oscillator) |
用于提供稳定的时钟信号，常用于单片机时钟源。 |
#define CRYSTAL_FREQUENCY 12e6 // 12MHz
int main() {
printf("Crystal Frequency: %.0f Hz\n", CRYSTAL_FREQUENCY);
return 0;
}
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| 继电器 (Relay) |
用于控制高电压或大电流的开关。 |
#define RELAY_COIL_RESISTANCE 200 // 200Ω
int main() {
float current = 5 / RELAY_COIL_RESISTANCE;
printf("Relay Coil Current: %.2f mA\n", current * 1000);
return 0;
}
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| 传感器 (Sensor) |
用于检测环境参数，如温度、湿度等。 |
#define SENSOR_PIN A0
int main() {
int sensor_value = analogRead(SENSOR_PIN);
printf("Sensor Value: %d\n", sensor_value);
return 0;
}
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| 蜂鸣器 (Buzzer) |
用于发出声音，常用于报警或提示。 |
#define BUZZER_PIN 9
int main() {
pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW);
return 0;
}
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| Arduino Uno |
常用的开源微控制器主板，基于ATmega328P芯片。 |
#define LED_PIN 13
void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
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| Raspberry Pi |
基于ARM架构的单板计算机，广泛用于物联网和嵌入式系统。 |
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
LED_PIN = 18
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(LED_PIN, GPIO.OUT)
try:
while True:
GPIO.output(LED_PIN, GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(LED_PIN, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
GPIO.cleanup()
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| 74HC595 Shift Register |
用于扩展微控制器的输出引脚，通过串行输入并行输出。 |
#define DATA_PIN 2
#define LATCH_PIN 3
#define CLOCK_PIN 4
void setup() {
pinMode(DATA_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LATCH_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(CLOCK_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
digitalWrite(LATCH_PIN, LOW);
shiftOut(DATA_PIN, CLOCK_PIN, MSBFIRST, i);
digitalWrite(LATCH_PIN, HIGH);
delay(500);
}
}
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| LM35 Temperature Sensor |
线性温度传感器，输出电压与温度成正比。 |
#define SENSOR_PIN A0
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(SENSOR_PIN);
float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
float temperature = voltage * 100;
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(temperature);
Serial.println(" C");
delay(1000);
}
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| HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor |
用于测量距离的超声波传感器。 |
#define TRIG_PIN 9
#define ECHO_PIN 10
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(TRIG_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ECHO_PIN, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);
long duration = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH);
float distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
delay(1000);
}
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